Finally it turned out after 3 months ...
The apache server in front of the maven file store was not configured to provide an intermediate certificate in the chain.
I uploaded an intermediate certificate - Allows you to encrypt X3 permissions (IendTrust cross-signed) - and configured apache to serve it.
Actually, the domain.crt file contains both the domain and the intermediate certificate, as well as for all my test browsers, which have always been good enough. But the eclipse / maven setting on this machine did not cope with this.
I just started to learn apache configuration after SSL Verification Labs told me that the certificate chain was incomplete (although the browser did not seem to care).
Before:
SSLEngine On SSLCertificateFile "path/to/domain.crt" SSLCertificateKeyFile "path/to/domain.key"
After:
SSLEngine On SSLCertificateFile "path/to/domain.crt" SSLCertificateKeyFile "path/to/domain.key" SSLCertificateChainFile "path/to/letsencrypt-authority-x3-identrust.pem"
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