Short answer:
Is there a short way to transfer one text range from PowerPoint A to another text range located in Powerpoint B?
I think there is no short way to do this, but try something first!
Long answer:
Note. This decision is not based on your desired behavior (since it is unclear to me, and there are many more cases of “what if”), but on a similar problem, so I think it is legal. In any case, this is a good foundation to start with.
Entrance:
I don’t know how your presentations look, so I made a link (presentation A) and broken link (presentation B). Let's take a look at them:
Presentation A (5 slides: 1x “slide slide” with 2 triangle shapes, 3x “Title and content headings”, 1x “Section title slider”: 
Presentation B (5 slides: 1x “title slide” of missing triangular shapes, 3x “Title and content” slides with empty / no shapes (placeholders), 1x “Empty” slide (incorrect layout)): 
Both presentations are in one folder:

Desired behavior:
Some kind of synchronization, if we skip the figure, then create it and apply the desired text on it, if it is, place only the desired text (based on the presentation of A shape). There are some what-ifs in logic:
- "What should I do if the number of slides in each presentation is not equal? In what order do the slides compare? (In our case, the number is equal, so in the code we discard this part and compare a pair of slides in a pair).
- What if comparison slides have a different layout? (In our case, the difference is in the blank layout, so we can easily handle this, but what should we do as a whole?)
- ... and many other cases not covered by this decision
Logics:
The logic is simple and simple. The entry point to our program is in presentation A, as this is our link file. From this point, we get a link to presentation B (when you open it) and start the iteration in two cycles (through each pair of slides and through the reference figures). If we find a “broken” (or not one, don’t check) the form with a link, we put text and some parameters in it or create a new form (or placeholder) otherwise.
Option Explicit Sub Synch() 'define presentations Dim ReferencePresentation As Presentation Dim TargetPresentation As Presentation 'define reference objects Dim ReferenceSlide As Slide Dim ReferenceSlides As Slides Dim ReferenceShape As Shape 'define target objects Dim TargetSlide As Slide Dim TargetSlides As Slides Dim TargetShape As Shape 'define other variables Dim i As Long 'Setting-up presentations and slide collections Set ReferencePresentation = ActivePresentation With ReferencePresentation Set TargetPresentation = Presentations.Open(FileName:=.Path & "/Presentation B.pptm", _ WithWindow:=msoFalse) Set ReferenceSlides = .Slides End With Set TargetSlides = TargetPresentation.Slides 'Check slide count If ReferenceSlides.Count <> TargetSlides.Count Then 'What a desired behaviour for this case? 'We can add slides to target presentation but it adds complexity Debug.Print "ERROR!" & vbTab & "Reference And Target slides counts are not equal!" Else '"mainloop" for slides For i = 1 To ReferenceSlides.Count Set ReferenceSlide = ReferenceSlides(i) Set TargetSlide = TargetSlides(i) 'Check slide layout If ReferenceSlide.Layout <> TargetSlide.Layout Then 'What a desired behaviourfor this case? 'We can change layout for target presentation but it adds complexity 'But let try to change a layout too, since we have an easy case in our example! Debug.Print "WARNING!" & vbTab & "Reference And Target slides layouts are not same!" TargetSlide.Layout = ReferenceSlide.Layout End If '"innerloop" for shapes (for placeholders actually) With ReferenceSlide For Each ReferenceShape In .Shapes Set TargetShape = AcquireShape(ReferenceShape, TargetSlide, True) If TargetShape Is Nothing Then Debug.Print "WARNING!" & vbTab & "There no shape like " & ReferenceShape.Name ElseIf TargetShape.HasTextFrame Then With TargetShape.TextFrame.TextRange 'paste text .Text = ReferenceShape.TextFrame.TextRange.Text 'and options .Font.Size = ReferenceShape.TextFrame.TextRange.Font.Size .Font.Name = ReferenceShape.TextFrame.TextRange.Font.Name .Font.Color.RGB = ReferenceShape.TextFrame.TextRange.Font.Color.RGB '... End With End If Next End With Next End If 'Save and close target presentation Call TargetPresentation.Save Call TargetPresentation.Close End Sub Function AcquireShape(ByRef ReferenceShape As Shape, ByRef TargetSlide As Slide, _ Optional ByVal CreateIfNotExists As Boolean) As Shape Dim TargetShape As Shape With ReferenceShape 'seek for existed shape For Each TargetShape In TargetSlide.Shapes If TargetShape.Width = .Width And TargetShape.Height = .Height And _ TargetShape.Top = .Top And TargetShape.Left = .Left And _ TargetShape.AutoShapeType = .AutoShapeType Then Set AcquireShape = TargetShape Exit Function End If Next 'create new If CreateIfNotExists Then If .Type = msoPlaceholder Then Set AcquireShape = TargetSlide.Shapes.AddPlaceholder(.PlaceholderFormat.Type, .Left, .Top, .Width, .Height) Else Set AcquireShape = TargetSlide.Shapes.AddShape(.AutoShapeType, .Left, .Top, .Width, .Height) End If End If End With End Function
Output:
I know that it is difficult to find any difference in the screenshot (it can even be photoshop, anyway, there are several differences for this purpose), but for the full answer here: 
Output:
As you can see, the difficult task is to achieve something similar to your desire, but the complexity of the solution depends on the source data and “what if” cases, so there is no shortcut for solving this problem as a whole (in my humble opinion). Hooray!