C why does the runtime vary depending on the data type?

Why runtime changes using different data types in C. here is my first program in which I used the long long int data type and got 4.61 runtime for codechef for no. test cases.

#include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<math.h> long long int prm[] = {2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47,53,59,61,67,71,73,79,83,89,97,101,103,107,109,113,127,131,137,139,149,151,157,163,167,173,179,181,191,193,197,199,211,223,227,229,233,239,241,251,257,263,269,271,277,281,283,293,307,311,313,317,331,337,347,349,353,359,367,373,379,383,389,397,401,409,419,421,431,433,439,443,449,457,461,463,467,479,487,491,499,503,509,521,523,541,547,557,563,569,571,577,587,593,599,601,607,613,617,619,631,641,643,647,653,659,661,673,677,683,691,701,709,719,727,733,739,743,751,757,761,769,773,787,797,809,811,821,823,827,829,839,853,857,859,863,877,881,883,887,907,911,919,929,937,941,947,953,967,971,977,983,991,997,1009,1013,1019,1021,1031,1033,1039,1049,1051,1061,1063,1069,1087,1091,1093,1097,1103,1109,1117,1123,1129,1151,1153,1163,1171,1181,1187,1193,1201,1213,1217,1223,1229,1231,1237,1249,1259,1277,1279,1283,1289,1291,1297,1301,1303,1307,1319,1321,1327,1361,1367,1373,1381,1399,1409,1423,1427,1429,1433,1439,1447,1451,1453,1459,1471,1481,1483,1487,1489,1493,1499,1511,1523,1531,1543,1549,1553,1559,1567,1571,1579,1583,1597,1601,1607,1609,1613,1619,1621,1627,1637,1657,1663,1667,1669,1693,1697,1699,1709,1721,1723,1733,1741,1747,1753,1759,1777,1783,1787,1789,1801,1811,1823,1831,1847,1861,1867,1871,1873,1877,1879,1889,1901,1907,1913,1931,1933,1949,1951,1973,1979,1987,1993,1997,1999,2003,2011,2017,2027,2029,2039,2053,2063,2069,2081,2083,2087,2089,2099,2111,2113,2129,2131,2137,2141,2143,2153,2161,2179,2203,2207,2213,2221,2237,2239,2243,2251,2267,2269,2273,2281,2287,2293,2297,2309,2311,2333,2339,2341,2347,2351,2357,2371,2377,2381,2383,2389,2393,2399,2411,2417,2423,2437,2441,2447,2459,2467,2473,2477,2503,2521,2531,2539,2543,2549,2551,2557,2579,2591,2593,2609,2617,2621,2633,2647,2657,2659,2663,2671,2677,2683,2687,2689,2693,2699,2707,2711,2713,2719,2729,2731,2741,2749,2753,2767,2777,2789,2791,2797,2801,2803,2819,2833,2837,2843,2851,2857,2861,2879,2887,2897,2903,2909,2917,2927,2939,2953,2957,2963,2969,2971,2999,3001,3011,3019,3023,3037,3041,3049,3061,3067,3079,3083,3089,3109,3119,3121,3137,3163,3167,3169,3181,3187,3191,3203,3209,3217,3221,3229,3251,3253,3257,3259,3271,3299,3301,3307,3313,3319,3323,3329,3331,3343,3347,3359,3361,3371,3373,3389,3391,3407,3413,3433,3449,3457,3461,3463,3467,3469,3491,3499,3511,3517,3527,3529,3533,3539,3541,3547,3557,3559,3571,3581,3583,3593,3607,3613,3617,3623,3631,3637,3643,3659,3671,3673,3677,3691,3697,3701,3709,3719,3727,3733,3739,3761,3767,3769,3779,3793,3797,3803,3821,3823,3833,3847,3851,3853,3863,3877,3881,3889,3907,3911,3917,3919,3923,3929,3931,3943,3947,3967,3989,4001,4003,4007,4013,4019,4021,4027,4049,4051,4057,4073,4079,4091,4093,4099,4111,4127,4129,4133,4139,4153,4157,4159,4177,4201,4211,4217,4219,4229,4231,4241,4243,4253,4259,4261,4271,4273,4283,4289,4297,4327,4337,4339,4349,4357,4363,4373,4391,4397,4409,4421,4423,4441,4447,4451,4457,4463,4481,4483,4493,4507,4513,4517,4519,4523,4547,4549,4561,4567,4583,4591,4597,4603,4621,4637,4639,4643,4649,4651,4657,4663,4673,4679,4691,4703,4721,4723,4729,4733,4751,4759,4783,4787,4789,4793,4799,4801,4813,4817,4831,4861,4871,4877,4889,4903,4909,4919,4931,4933,4937,4943,4951,4957,4967,4969,4973,4987,4993,4999,5003,5009,5011,5021,5023,5039,5051,5059,5077,5081,5087,5099,5101,5107,5113,5119,5147,5153,5167,5171,5179,5189,5197,5209,5227,5231,5233,5237,5261,5273,5279,5281,5297,5303,5309,5323,5333,5347,5351,5381,5387,5393,5399,5407,5413,5417,5419,5431,5437,5441,5443,5449,5471,5477,5479,5483,5501,5503,5507,5519,5521,5527,5531,5557,5563,5569,5573,5581,5591,5623,5639,5641,5647,5651,5653,5657,5659,5669,5683,5689,5693,5701,5711,5717,5737,5741,5743,5749,5779,5783,5791,5801,5807,5813,5821,5827,5839,5843,5849,5851,5857,5861,5867,5869,5879,5881,5897,5903,5923,5927,5939,5953,5981,5987,6007,6011,6029,6037,6043,6047,6053,6067,6073,6079,6089,6091,6101,6113,6121,6131,6133,6143,6151,6163,6173,6197,6199,6203,6211,6217,6221,6229,6247,6257,6263,6269,6271,6277,6287,6299,6301,6311,6317,6323,6329,6337,6343,6353,6359,6361,6367,6373,6379,6389,6397,6421,6427,6449,6451,6469,6473,6481,6491,6521,6529,6547,6551,6553,6563,6569,6571,6577,6581,6599,6607,6619,6637,6653,6659,6661,6673,6679,6689,6691,6701,6703,6709,6719,6733,6737,6761,6763,6779,6781,6791,6793,6803,6823,6827,6829,6833,6841,6857,6863,6869,6871,6883,6899,6907,6911,6917,6947,6949,6959,6961,6967,6971,6977,6983,6991,6997,7001,7013,7019,7027,7039,7043,7057,7069,7079,7103,7109,7121,7127,7129,7151,7159,7177,7187,7193,7207,7211,7213,7219,7229,7237,7243,7247,7253,7283,7297,7307,7309,7321,7331,7333,7349,7351,7369,7393,7411,7417,7433,7451,7457,7459,7477,7481,7487,7489,7499,7507,7517,7523,7529,7537,7541,7547,7549,7559,7561,7573,7577,7583,7589,7591,7603,7607,7621,7639,7643,7649,7669,7673,7681,7687,7691,7699,7703,7717,7723,7727,7741,7753,7757,7759,7789,7793,7817,7823,7829,7841,7853,7867,7873,7877,7879,7883,7901,7907,7919,7927,7933,7937,7949,7951,7963,7993,8009,8011,8017,8039,8053,8059,8069,8081,8087,8089,8093,8101,8111,8117,8123,8147,8161,8167,8171,8179,8191,8209,8219,8221,8231,8233,8237,8243,8263,8269,8273,8287,8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int main() { int test, flag, sq; long long int first, second, first_l, secd_l; scanf("%d",&test); while(test--) { scanf("%lld",&first); scanf("%lld",&second); if(first == 1) first++; if(first == 2 && second != 1) printf("%d\n",2); first += (first % 2 == 0) ? 1 : 0 ; for(first_l = first; first_l <= second; first_l += 2) { flag = 0; sq = sqrt(first_l); for(secd_l = 0; sq >= prm[secd_l]; secd_l++) { if(first_l % prm[secd_l] == 0) { flag = 1; break; } } if(flag == 0) { printf("%lld\n",first_l); } } } return 0; } 

Here is another program, very similar to the first, but using the unsigned int data type instead of the long long data type. The lead time I got for this is 2.78 seconds on the codec for the same test cases.

 #include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<math.h> int prm[] ={same as before(max character limit in question)}; int main() { int test, flag, sq; unsigned int first, second, first_l, secd_l; scanf("%d",&test); while(test--) { scanf("%u",&first); scanf("%u",&second); if(first == 1) first++; if(first == 2 && second != 1) printf("%d\n",2); first += (first % 2 == 0) ? 1 : 0 ; for(first_l = first; first_l <= second; first_l += 2) { flag = 0; sq = sqrt(first_l); for(secd_l = 0; sq >= prm[secd_l]; secd_l++) { if(first_l % prm[secd_l] == 0) { flag = 1; break; } } if(flag == 0) { printf("%u\n",first_l); } } } return 0; } 

In another program code, I just used int instead of long long int / unsigned int in the same test cases, and I had a runtime of 2.57 s.

So, I would like to know why a long int int or unsigned int makes such a huge difference for my runtime. All solutions are tested on equal processors PIII 733 MHZ on the codec.

Input format: - The first line contains t, the number of test cases (less than or equal to 10). This is followed by t lines that contain two numbers m and n (1 <= m <= n <= 1000000000, nm <= 100000), separated by a space. The program should generate primes between two numbers n and m.

+5
source share
4 answers

There are many factors that determine runtime.

  • If you are on a 32-bit machine; a mathematical operation with a type of length 32 bits will take less time than operations with a type that is 64 bits. (uint, probably 32bit, long long int, probably 64 bits).
  • it is more efficient to add variables of the same type (because then type casting is not required)
  • depending on how you write your code, the compiler may optimize the code differently (but since you only changed the type of the variable, which is not applicable here)
  • ...

these are just a few ideas; code optimization is an extensive topic :)

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As Chris Mays points out, on 32-bit machines, 32-bit operations take less time than 64-bit. The reason is that you need two 32-bit registers (usually EDX and EAX on x86, ALU calculates with integers) to work with them or just to display them - this requires more isntructions and more processor cycles, so working slower with long long (which is probably 64 bits) than with int (probably 32 bits). Probably because it depends on the platform, as the Gopis indicate.

On 64-bit machines, there are 64-bit registers (e.g. RAX ) available for the ALU, so theoretically this could be faster. However, even on a 64-bit machine, you can execute 32-bit computational logic.

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On a 32-bit computer, it is obvious that 64-bit math should be slower than 32-bit. Think about how slowly you multiply two two-digit numbers in your head than multiplying two 1-digit numbers. [Note that on most PCs about 32 years ago, 32 and 64-bit operating systems were running, so int is a 32-bit type whose range is [-2147483648, 2147483647]. Of course, Codechef no longer uses DOS , so int should also be 32 bits.

To store a 64-bit variable requires more memory and more registers . In a low register number architecture such as x86, fewer registers can result in more memory accesses to distinguish between values ​​for other variables. Since memory bandwidth is limited, fewer variables can be read and written immediately, and fewer variables will be cached, too, so that will be twice as slow, and if you need to access a large amount of memory, it will be much slower when it appears cache miss

To process values ​​larger than the size of the register, you will need more instructions . To add / subtract 2 64-bit values ​​on x86, you will need two instructions

 add edx, ebx // add low part adc eax, ecx // add high part with carry 

Each instruction above adds 2 32-bit registers, so you can see that you only need 1 command to add two 32-bit int s

For more complex operations, such as multiplication and division, the difference in performance will be much larger. You can see that gcc generates many instructions for multiplying a 32-bit number by a 64-bit one here . Your program has a modular operation, so the compiler may need to generate a division, which is the most difficult of the 4 basic operations. Therefore, performance is even worse.

You can read about it here.

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 sizeof(int) <= sizeof(long) 

So, in order to access more bytes over time, there will be more. Although the size of these types is completely platform dependent. The point here is that accessing 64 bits requires more processor cycles than accessing 32 bits on a 32-bit machine.

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Source: https://habr.com/ru/post/1209820/


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