Is there any way to make it "re-register" the installed type of service?
On your local computer, you can install the deployment to always uninstall the application when you are finished debugging. However, if it does not complete in the first place, Iβm not sure that this workflow will work anyway. 
Since we are in the subject, in the cloud, I think you just need to use Powershell scripts to first compare the existing types and version of the application and delete them before the "upgrade". Since I like the complexity of this complex process, I use tools to manage it.
In VSTS, for example, there is the SameAppTypeAndVersion forwarding option.

And finally, if you are just tired of using the Service Fabric user interface to uninstall the application again and again in troubleshooting, it may be faster to use the system tray icon to reset the cluster to a new state.
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